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This book represents the latest research on microbiota axes, with a special focus on the gut-skin axis and the role of microbial breast bacteria on human health communication. This book also contains discussions of the microorganism-derived products that can directly or indirectly be signals for our organs and systems. Gut dysbiosis, representing a disruption of intestinal integrity, can create aberrant physiological conditions (including immunological disorders, intestinal stress, and anxiety-like behavior), as well as high serum levels of microbial metabolites increasing oxidative stress dysfunctions and generalized inflammation. Much research in this field has been carried out in animal models, and establishing whether those findings translate to humans will be crucial but challenging. On the other hand, several studies conducted on humans have evaluated the link between fecal microbiota composition and quality of life by recruiting thousands of participants. As well as identifying bacterial genera associated with higher quality of life, they carried out metagenomic analyses that indicated that the potential of microorganisms to synthesize certain active metabolites, and especially their interrelation, may also correlate with general wellbeing. It is clear that many axes can influence our lives; the most important include “the gut-brain axis” and the “skin-gut-breast axis”. Together, the studies presented in this book have laid the foundations for a better understanding of the effects of gut microbiota on skin and on our body in general. The mechanisms that underlie them may represent the ideal focus for the initial efforts to explore the relevance of these axes for human wellbeing.

small–large intestine axis --- hydrogen sulfide --- Desulfovibrio --- bowel disease --- colitis --- gut microbiota --- microbiome --- maternal–fetal interface --- newborn --- child --- pediatric disease --- dysbiosis --- microbiota --- schizophrenia --- olanzapine administration --- weight gain --- sulfate reduction --- microbiota axis --- oral microbiota arthritis --- joint inflammation --- otitis media --- upper respiratory tract --- adenoid --- middle ear --- microbiota axes

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Health is defined as “the state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease”. Surprisingly, the words “microbes” or “microorganism” are missing in this definition. The regulation of gut microbiota is mediated by an enormous quantity of aspects, such as microbiological factors, host characteristics, diet patterns, and environmental variables. Some protective, structural, and metabolic functions have been reported for gut microbiota, and these functions are related to the regulation of homeostasis and host health. Host defense against pathogens is, in part, mediated through gut microbiota action and requires intimate interpretation of the current microenvironment and discrimination between commensal and occasional bacteria. The present Special Issue provides a summary of the progress on the topic of intestinal microbiota and its important role in human health in different populations. This Special Issue will be of great interest from a clinical and public health perspective. Nevertheless, more studies with more samples and comparable methods are necessary to understand the actual function of intestinal microbiota in disease development and health maintenance.

sperm quality --- probiotics --- zebrafish --- motility --- behavior --- intestinal microbiota --- intestinal Bacteroides --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- trunk muscle training --- aerobic exercise training --- brisk walking --- nutrients --- gut microbiota --- nutrition --- habitual diets --- Western diet --- obesity --- cardiometabolic risk factors --- chronic health conditions --- gastrointestinal disorders --- prebiotics and probiotics --- metabolic syndrome --- gastrointestinal microbiome --- Lactobacillus reuteri V3401 --- sugar alcohol --- prebiotic --- bowel function --- immune function --- respiratory tract infections --- otitis media --- sinusitis --- weight management --- satiety --- bone health --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- butyrate --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- high fat diet --- hypertension --- nutrient-sensing signals --- propionate --- short chain fatty acids --- kefir --- autism spectrum disorders --- oral microbiota --- dysbiosis --- co-occurring conditions --- allergy --- abdominal pain --- biomarker discovery --- anorexia --- food restriction --- ClpB --- microbiota --- Enterobacteriaceae --- inulin --- circadian rhythm --- feeding timing --- choline --- trimethylamine --- trimethylamine n-oxide --- 16S rRNA gene profiling --- qPCR --- linear mixed models --- soy protein --- lipid metabolism --- circadian --- chrono-nutrition --- microbiome --- pregnancy --- fetus --- placenta --- newborn --- infancy --- critical illness --- sepsis --- lipid metabolome --- amlodipine --- corticosterone --- ACTH --- gut bacteriome --- ischemia-reperfusion injury --- nutritional status --- supplemented nutrition --- partial hepatectomy --- liver transplantation --- vaginal microbiome --- bacterial communities --- vaginal dysbiosis --- bacterial vaginosis --- risk factors --- hormone replacement therapy --- cardiovascular diseases --- atherosclerosis --- prebiotics --- alanine aminotransferase --- antibiotic --- Optifast --- gut microbiome --- metronidazole --- nonnutritive sweeteners --- sweetening agents --- n/a